Migrations CCOT Essay

Comments(another one) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comments(another one) - Essay Example Cutting back is in the genuine significance the joblessness of individuals however the jobless individual may accept that the organization from which they were terminated didn't have a decision and this was a stage which must be taken. Different instances of newspeak are likewise observed in today’s world. For instance, the spying innovation which barges in the protection of others is advocated by the legislature by clarifying this is a significant advance for the security of the individuals yet as a general rule this is an infringement into the individual space of others. Doublethink has additionally been accurately clarified with the idea of psychological cacophony set forward by Leon Festinger and it has additionally been reinforced in the paper with the case of oppression in the United States. Different instances of doublethink incorporate movement where on one side an individual believes that workers decrease the open doors for the residents of the nation they move to. Then again, there is another point of view on this issue where an individual is compelled to imagine that these foreigners leave their country inferable from significant issues and they move to another spot just with the expectation of a superior future. In this way, migration is a remain on which an individual will in general have negating considerations. In this manner, it is an even paper which effectively characterizes the reason for the ideas of newspeak and doublethink in the novel followed by models which can be seen in today’s world for the two

Powerful Persuasive Essay Topics

Powerful Persuasive Essay TopicsIn order to become an author of a strong persuasive essay, you must be able to consider all the possibilities available when it comes to essay topics. You can't just go by what a person tells you, you must understand the kind of audience they are writing to and what they expect to get out of the information they are about to write. The topic will also have to relate to their life in some way.One of the strongest essay topics is about a business person looking to sell a product or service. People want to buy things from other people, and if you are able to offer them something that they are looking for and show them how it can help them, it will always sell. For example, a woman looking for her first house or a man who wants to buy a car.Another strong topic is the importance of getting on a regular exercise routine. A lot of people do not feel like they can take care of themselves, and this can affect their health. They may find it hard to exercise eve ry day, or they don't know how to, so showing them how to will help.Opinion essay topics are often the hardest to write about. It takes quite a bit of time to really put your thoughts into words. But if you are able to use the benefits of taking part in an activity or finding something that will improve their health will be a big hit with your readers.The last kind of topic is one that relates to something that most people have already done or is useful to them in some way. The article you are writing about will need to relate to something that readers have done before, and help them with something they want to improve. This can also be a very popular type of article for example, and might be included on the top of many lists.Somepeople do not like to write about their feelings, but these are some of the most powerful essay topics available. If you feel bad about something, then why not express that feeling using the art of essay writing? You may have a lot of things to say about so mething that could easily be expressed by saying it in writing.Writing about a loved one is another one of the powerful essay topics. Expressing emotions through writing can bring back memories or bring closure to a relationship. The topic should be something the writer can relate to on a personal level and create a place for the reader to gather and read the essay.Some people enjoy reading essays that talk about sports and some topics are less popular, but have a big impact on people. Being able to write about these topics is great because it allows a writer to reach out to the reader in a unique way. The ideas and thoughts will be interesting to read and the essay will help to uplift someone's spirits in some way.

Dracula the Victorian Vampire and Fallout From Repressive English Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1671 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Dracula Essay Did you like this example? In the novel Dracula, Bram Stoker describes his vision of the fallout from repressive English culture concerning sexuality and sexual acts of vampires and Dracula. Stokers vision of what the English society was and would become is represented by Dracula and his vampires. In the Victorian 19th century, gender and sexuality played a huge roll in the everyday life of English societies especially for women. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dracula: the Victorian Vampire and Fallout From Repressive English Culture" essay for you Create order As much as this book focuses on supernatural creatures, I believe that it also entertains the Victorian male imagination, specifically on the topic of female sexuality. This time was extremely difficult for the Victorian women because not only did they not have many legal rights but their sexual behavior was mandated by the societys extremely harsh expectations. If a woman was in between those two options she was most likely considered a whore in the excessive society of the English. Through the examples of Lucy, Mina, Dracula, vampires, and the overall exaggeration of sex in this novel, I will explore and come to a conclusion about how Stoker Describes his vision of Sexuality in the Victorian era. The Ideal woman in the Victorian era was characterized to be pure, chaste, and god- serving. Women were expected to wait till marriage to have sex and it was supposed to be purely for the purpose of having kids and to promote and strengthen the bond between husband and wife. The nature of marriages in the 19th Century were often not love based. Apparently marriage among many couples was as much a product of the heart as of contract or logic. Furthermore, the Victorian sense of romantic love placed considerable emphasis on the spiritual nature of the marital Bond, and sex was seen as a way of enhancing spiritual closeness (Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women,149). The idea of sex became a huge part of the culture in England and it was used as a tool in different scenarios: Degler Believes that women were using the rate of sex as a tool for power bargaining and the household. By withholding sex from their husbands (who presumably desire to high rate of it) woman could exert co ntrol over other household decisionsFurthermore love and necessity were frequently cited as rationalizations in conjunction with or in the absence of reports concerning pleasure from sex (Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women,150). With this evidence, I believe it is clear that sex was rarely used for pleasure and if it was it was the product of a role of a women or weak willpower from the man and woman. Lucy Westenra and Mina Murray are the epitome of the Victorian Ideal woman in Stokers Dracula. Both women are pure and innocent of the worlds evils, and devoted to their men. The two women who are best friends are very important to showing Stokers vision for multiple reasons, including showing how they were originally complete opposites of Draculas wives and to show how a womens sexual behavior can socially make or break her. Lucy is the first of the Ideal woman to be turned into a vampire, and Dracula knows how woman can control men through sexual desires Your girls that you all love are mine already; and through them you and others shall yet be mine my creatures, to do my bidding and to be my jackals when I want to feed (Dracula, Ch. 23). In the story he is turning them into monsters but Stoker is subtly saying that this woman has lost her respectable nature and is welcoming the voluptuousness life. This part of the novel is very important because it shows how easy it is for men to corrupt and control women in the 19th century and how quickly a womans reputation can be ruined because of her sexual life. Lucy is the stepping stone for Dracula to walk on and continue his corruption of men and women. Once Lucy is a vampire, she becomes Stokers example of what would arise from the fallout of the repressive English culture. She becomes a sex craved representing the exact opposite of the culture of their time She still advanced, however, and with a languorous, voluptuous grace, said Come to me Arthur. Leave these others and come to me. My arms are hungry for you. Come, and we can rest together. Come, my husband, come! (Dracula, Ch. 16). Mina is another example of the perfect Victorian woman who is attacked by Dracula. Stoker changes the script with how he describes Minas encounter with Dracula and how corrupts her. Unlike Lucy, Mina was the victim of a direct attack from Dracula himself and in this case Dracula represents a rapist With his left hand he held both Mrs. Harkers hands, keeping them away with her arms at full tension; his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck, forcing her face down on his bosom. Her white nightdress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the mans bare breast which was shown by his torn-open dress (Dracula, Ch. 21). When vampires feed on humans, male or female, it is considered a sexual act, so when Dracula forces Mina to drink his own blood it is meant to be him raping her. Mina is described as in this novel as an immensely intelligent and understanding character. Her Intellect and aspirations to do more than the average Victorian women leads us to believe she i s an example of the New Woman. She is the first woman in Stokers novel to show masculine qualities which is dangerous to the Victorian men, Dracula likewise recognizes something wayward in Mina. While he does not make the connection explicit, Dracula suggests that Mina has always harbored some resentment against the men who would exclude her from their trust, evoking the chivalric ideal of masculinity in order to withhold access to information and power. To Mina, Dracula offers retribution in exchange for her allegiance (Your Girls That You All Love Are Mine Already, 22). Draculas three wives that reside in his castle in Transylvania are meant to represent the exact opposite of the ideal Victorian women. Stoker describes them as everything a Victorian woman shouldnt be in their society I am alone in the castle with those awful women. Faugh! Mina is a woman, and there is nought in common. They are devils of the Pit! (Dracula, Ch. 4). The three women are impure, sexual aggressive monsters as described by Jonathan Harker. These three vampires are Stokers examples of unconventional women in the 19th century who seduce men, and in this novel their seductions powers are heightened making it almost impossible to resist I was afraid to raise my eyelids, but looked out and saw perfectly under the lashes. The girl went on her knees, and bent over me, simply gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck, she actually licked her lips like an animal .. Lower and lower went her head as the lips we nt below the range of my mouth and chin and seemed about to fasten on my throat. I closed my eyes in a languorous ecstasy and waited waited with beating heart. (Dracula, Ch. 16). The three vampires here voluptuous and highly sexualized in this part of the novel, playing with Harkers head. The position that these women put him in and the display of female sexual aggression from these vampires both attracts and repulses Harker. The fact that Harker had to close his eyes indicates his weakness to handle open sexuality. In the Victorian society that prioritizes and rewards virginity, the extremely sexual situation that he is put in with three women sparks fantasies and puts him in a state of ecstasy. This is Stokers idea of what would happen eventually in the repressive culture in which he resided; Everything would be highly sexualized and virginity and domesticity would be less important. Dracula is the vocal point of sexulization in this novel and he has many different roles in what Stoker is trying to say about the Victorian era. Dracula represents the many sexual desires both man and women had in the 19th century, and the majority of his power (as character and narrative figure) rests in his mutability, for in Dracula multiple (even contradictory) narratives collide. (Your Girls That You All Love Are Mine Already, 30). His many narratives allow him to take the variation of every desire there is to be explored, whether it is heterosexual, homosexual or even bisexual. Dracula exhibits interest with Jonathan but never acts upon it which withheld a deep desire he had so he looks to find enjoyment with other genders Dracula is essentially homoerotic and is rooted in Draculas unfulfilled sexual ambition to fuse with a male [Jonathan]. Always postponed and never directly enacted, this desire finds evasive fulfillment in an important series of heterosexual displacements (Coitus Interruptus: Sex, Bram Stoker, and Dracula, 6). Dracula also exploits the male fears in their society that women would no longer be controlled and expected to do what men wanted. Stoker creates this threat which causes immense anxiety to the men of the Victorian era because Dracula vivifies the threat of the female vampire by activating a cluster of anxious social narratives. Stoker naturalizes patterns of association which equate female sexuality with criminality, forces which threaten both British masculinity and the empire as a whole (Your Girls That You All Love Are Mine Already, 29-30). Bram Stokers vision of the fallout from the repressive English culture concerning sexuality and sexual acts motivates him to write Dracula and deliver his message to the readers. The Exaggeration of sex in this novel combined with the Victorian conception of sexuality introduces new ideas to the that would be an outrage to their current society. This novel used monsters to talk about unpopular topics of the 19th century, and I believe that Stokers message and vision was clear: He was not a fan of what would soon change about the world regarding sex and gender.

Human Trafficking Is A Crime Under Federal And...

Involuntary servitude is an issue that has been fought around the world for centuries, whether it be slavery in 1800s America or child labor in third world countries, the fight never ends. Our countries and their leaders are constantly increasing the awareness and the strength to fight our biggest human rights issues. Human trafficking is a crime under federal and international law and it is a crime in every single state in the United States. According to The White House, around the globe, an estimated 20 million men, women and children are victims of human trafficking- 1.5 million of these victims reside in North America, European Union, and other developed countries. The United States and other countries around the world are coming together and working to prevent and hopefully stop this issue. Human trafficking is one of the most important and persistent issues of our world today; however, numerous countries, including the United States, are making notable efforts to contain and pr event this problem. Human trafficking is one of the world’s most significant and persistent human rights issues. According to Britannica School, human trafficking is defined by most people as a form of modern day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. In the UN, they define human trafficking as inducted by force, fraud or coercion of a person to engage in theShow MoreRelatedHuman Exploitation And Exploitation Of The United States, Canada, And Western Europe1702 Words   |  7 Pages Mexico is a Tier 2 source, transit, and destination country. It’s primary forms of trafficking are sexual exploitation and forced labor. Men, women, and children are trafficked, but the most vulnerable populations are indigenous peoples, migrants, mentally and physically disables, and LGBT individuals. Victims are forced into labor in the agriculture, domestic, manufacturing, food processing, construction, begging, and street vending services. Many victims are lured by fraudulent recruiters, possibilityRead MoreModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). This is become the sad reality for many, approximately three out of every 1,000 people worldwide are being forced into this such slavery. Victims of human trafficking are people of all backgrounds and ages, no one is safe from the dirty hands of human traffickers. Every yearRead MoreSpeech On Human Trafficking911 Words   |  4 Pages What is Human Trafficking? Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery, where human beings are controlled and exploited for profit. Perpetrators use force, fraud, or coercion to manipulate and establish control over individuals. Although human trafficking violates international and national laws, it is a burgeoning criminal industry (Background). Human Trafficking affects women and children and forces them into prostitution or other types of exploitation. Trafficking is very gruesomeRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Modern Form Of Enslavement1267 Words   |  6 PagesInitiatives on Human Trafficking Almost two centuries after the 16th President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a new type of slave trade has taken possession of the lives of many human beings worldwide. Human trafficking is the modern form of enslavement. It includes the purchasing and selling of individuals for forced labor or sexual abuse. This new type of enslavement of human beings is evident all around the world. Additionally, the number of enslaved victims today is surpassingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The New Era Of Slavery947 Words   |  4 PagesTexas Human Trafficking Overview Human trafficking is the new era of slavery! Human trafficking is a horrifying issue happening so close to home and it is increasing by the minute. Many Texas citizens are unaware of human trafficking happening right in their own backyards. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are to be the most popular types of human trafficking in the United States. In Texas there are many more domestic victims than illegal immigrant victims of Human Trafficking. However, theRead MoreSex Trafficking of Children1277 Words   |  5 PagesThe trafficking of children and women for sexual purposes has become a key worry for nearly all governments throughout the world. Accounts in the United States regarding human trafficking for the purpose of sexually exploiting women and children have shown the matter is also a national problem and that it is on the rise. A projected 60,000 women and children are trafficked each year in the United States (Wheaton Schauer, 2006). These victims generally come fro m the regions of Latin America,Read MoreHuman Trafficking : The United Nations Human Rights1162 Words   |  5 PagesQuin Smith and Colin Grande Federal Republic of Germany United Nations Human Rights Council The Athenian Academy Human Trafficking Quin Smith Intro Human trafficking is one of the biggest human rights issues facing our world today. This practice makes much money for those who traffic humans, and destroys the lives of its victims. Brothels have been legal in Germany since 2002, and it is no coincidence that Germany s largest brothel is just a few miles drive from the French border. ProstitutionRead MoreCounter-Protocols Against Human Sex Trafficking1333 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal estimates of human trafficking range from six hundred thousand to four million victims each year – the majority being victims of sex trafficking (McCabe, Manian, 2010). These women, men, and children are considered the backbone of one of the world’s most profitable industries forced to do the unthinkable before being discarded. In response to the overwhelming growth of the business, many nations (including the United States) have set out to prevent, prosecute, and rehabilitate offendersRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1531 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is modern day slavery that occurs with both genders of all ages. Human trafficking occurs mostly in poorer countries like Asia, and Eastern Europe and isn t solely sexual slavery; the victims can be used for labor purposes also. Organizations like Shared Hope International and Coalition Against Trafficking in Women fight to rescue the victims of human trafficking. These organizations spread the dangers of human trafficking through education and public awareness. Often times traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Prostitution And Prostitution981 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Trafficking in Prostitution Prostitution, â€Å"Providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society. The first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, one of the first known civilizations (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s

International Relations Terrorism the 21st Century-Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theInternational Relationsfor Terrorism in the 21st Century. Answer: Introduction Terrorism is not a new topic. According to the United States Defense Department, terrorism can be defined as the calculated employment of unlawful viciousness or threat use to instill fear, which has the intention of intimidating and coercing governments, and societies, in search of goals which are religious, political and ideological. This paper aims at exploring terrorism in its context and how international organizations are tackling the issue of terrorism, especially in the global context. Separate from the United States Government; there are numerous distinctions in features of extremism that are stressed in various explanations. According to the United Nations, terrorism refers to a disquiet stirring method of repetitive violence, used by individuals for personal, political and unlawful reasons. Terrorism aims at compelling actions of violence capturing the attention of the people, regimes and the world to their purpose. The success of a terror attack does not aim at the destruction caused by the assault itself; the main objective is focused on the reaction of the public and the regimes. In the world currently, there is an emerging trend in violent extremism taking the form of terror. It is visible in our everyday lives. Globalization affects terrorism in that technical inventions, and the expanding markets know no right or wrong. The benefits of globalization are not only limited to the isolated productions and line of work. It has also helped terrorists grow their networks. Terrorists, therefore, profited from globalization in the form of being very efficient in their endeavors. Still in the context of globalization, whether we are affected directly or indirectly, we are a part of terrorism effect. For instance, the tight securities at the airports, causing delays, the drop in the value of stocks as witnessed or the emotional torture people all over the world go through when we see the reports of terror on our news channels every day. Terrorists have learned how to use the modern technologies that have been invented in the 21st century to carry out their terror-rel ated activities. The rising ubiquity of Information Technology and their networks is driving work into the information era. Computers have transformed extremism in the way they have done to our average life. Terror in this information era comprises of conventional methods whereby standard weapons are used in the damage of property and massacres in the physical world. The destruction also extends to infrastructure targets and disruption in cyberspace and cyber terrorism. Many people in the past associated acts of terror with Islam and the Muslims. This is not entirely accurate; this is because Muslims have come out in large numbers to condemn terror activities. The Muslims say that any individual involved in terror attacks is a criminal just like any other criminal involved in robbery or murder, this is because they say that according to the teachings of the Quran, there is no chapter saying that Muslims should kill others. However, it should be noted that some individuals have been brainwashed into believing that terror activities are in the Islamic teachings. Terror activities have led to the collapse of established governments such as witnessed in Somali in the 1990s, the terror group al-Shabaab gained full control of the country. Efforts are still underway to liberate the country from the extremists. In trying to determine whether economic deprivation leads to radicalism and terror, among recent research on political economy effort, studies have specified that there is a negative economic association among a state in which an attack occurs and the home nation of the radicals. However, prosperous countries are more prospective to suffer terror occurrences, and economic performance is not an indicator of which nations extremists might come from. Several NGOs such as the Civil Society, Asia Society, agencies such as the United Nations and NATO are actively involved in the fight against terror. While the agenda of these institutions is to counter terror activities, they do this through addressing conditions which accelerate the growth of terror-related activities. Direct funding of personnel such as soldiers fighting extremists on the ground, they build member countries capabilities of combating terror-related actions while ensuring that human rights and the rule of law are respected all over the world. These NGOs also help fight radicalization which brainwashes young men into joining terror groups such as ISIS and the Al Qaeda. In conclusion, terrorism poses an unswerving threat to the human race, global stability, and prosperity. It is an obstinate threat without borders, religion or nationality. It is a problem that the worldwide community must confront together. References Combs, C. (2016). Terrorism in the Twenty first century. New York: Routledge. Crenshaw, M. (2007). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. Kellner, D. (2005). Media Spectacle and the Crisis for Democracy. New York: Routledge. Smith, J., Thomas, W. (2001). The terrorism threat and U.S. government responses : operational and organizational factors. New York: US Air Force Academy, Colo. : USAF Institute for National Security Studies,. Ã… ¾TIBLI, F. (2010). Terrorism in the context of globalization. Terrorism, 1-6. Taylor, R., Fritsch, E., Liederbach, J. (2014). Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Essay Example

The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Paper AP, John Updike’s story of a â€Å"courageous† grocery clerk, is one of Updike’s most popular stories perhaps because it is, at first glance a simple read, but further readings show how the author is able to create a dynamic story that involves figuring out what certain parts of the story may mean. For example, focusing on the ending, when Sammy punches the â€Å"No Sale† tab as he remembers how Lengel â€Å"made the pretty girl blush† (Updike 564), we can see how this â€Å"No Sale† extends itself not just to its uses on the cash register, but also within the story; it acts as a literary symbol within the text. First, we find how there is â€Å"no sale† between the store manager, Lengel, and the girls. They, might, perhaps belong to a different class, a class â€Å"from which the crowd that runs the A P must look pretty crummy† (Updike 563), but Lengel does not let that get in the way of his reminding the girls of propriety and decency. Lengel does not indulge in the idea that, because the girls are attractive and might be better-off, he should let them off easy or that he should just let them be. Besides this, the girls’ obliviousness to Sammy’s affected act of â€Å"gallantry† is also telling of how there is â€Å"no sale† between him and them. The girls are too preoccupied with getting out of the store and are also rather indifferent to their surroundings and, thus, cannot appreciate nor acknowledge would-be heroics for their benefit. Then, we have a â€Å"no sale† between Sammy and his act of quitting itself. After realizing that the girls are nowhere to be found and have missed his heroics, he acknowledges Lengel’s remark of him not really wanting to push through with quitting as true. We will write a custom essay sample on The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He realizes that he will regret this act sometime in the future, but continues to push through with it just because of momentum (and probably to save face). Finally, the â€Å"no sale† agenda is something that has been going on between the reader and Sammy himself. The reader, because he or she is privy to Sammy’s initial thoughts about the girls, knows that his act of quitting is something that is actually quite pretentious and somewhat insincere. Perhaps, he did feel a little indignant at Lengel for gently reprimanding his Queenie and her friends, but all-in-all his act was done in order to call the girls’ attention onto his self and not really to uphold their rights or their dignity, and because the reader knows this, that â€Å"no sale† feeling is created. Works Cited: Updike, John. â€Å"AP†. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature Eighth Edition. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin, 2009. 560-564.

The Hairy Ape essays

The Hairy Ape essays In the Play, The Hairy Ape by Eugene ONeill, there are two characters that play an important role in the play. They are Paddy and Long. Long and Paddy are firemen aboard the Ocean Liner. They both have thick accents, but express their thoughts with complexity through their dialogue as seen in the play. With their characteristics, one sees two different sides of how the Industrial Revolution had an impact on the lives of those working at that time. Although Paddy only appears in The Hairy Ape in two scenes, he is an important element of the play. Paddy is an old Irish man who likes to drink heavily, and he is known for his spouting about on subjects such as philosophy and stories of the past especially when hes intoxicated. Of the men on the ship Paddy could be considered the oldest of the men because he has been doing labor jobs longer than most of the firemen as he says when he describes his life on the Clipper Ships (pg1122). Paddys extensive monologue in Scene One details how shipping used to be aboard Clipper Ships(pg1122). Without Paddy's presence the audience would not have as much perspective about the revolution brought about by machines. Paddy has experienced life on the sea that was free, where he was empowered and valued. Paddy, unlike many of the men such as Long, knows what it is like to not do slave labor. Paddy's experiences let him have real opinions unlike the rest of the firemen with him. This is why he complains about his life as a fireman and how its a prison compared to the freedom brought about by the Clipper Ships (pg1122-23). Long, on the other hand, is alike in some ways and yet different in other ways. Long is younger than Paddy as discussed earlier. In the play, Long complains of his life being hell. He says that the ship is their home. He complains that their life was forced on them. I believe this refers to how the Industrial Revolution had enforced itself in th...

Making Small Talk for English Learners

Making Small Talk for English Learners The ability to make small talk is highly valued. In fact, many English students are more interested in making effective small talk than knowing correct grammar structures - and rightly so! Small talk gets friendships started and breaks the ice before important business meetings and other events. What Is Small Talk? Small talk is pleasant conversation about common interests. Why Is Small Talk Difficult for Some English Learners? First of all, making small talk is not difficult only for English learners, but also for many native speakers of English. However, small talk can be especially difficult for some learners because making small talk means talking about almost anything - and that means having a wide vocabulary that can cover most topics. Most English learners have excellent vocabulary in specific areas, but may have difficulties discussing topics they are unfamiliar with because of a lack of appropriate vocabulary. This lack of vocabulary leads to some students blocking. They slow down or stop speaking completely because of a lack of self-confidence. How to Improve Small Talk Skills Now that we understand the problem, the next step is to improve the situation. Here are some tips to improve small talk skills. Of course, making effective small talk means lots of practice, but keeping these tips in mind should improve overall conversational skills. Do Some Research​ Spend time on the internet, reading magazines, or watching TV specials about the type of people you are going to meet. For example, if you are taking a class with students from other countries, take time after the first few days of class to do some research. They will appreciate your effort and your conversations will be much more interesting. Stay Away From Religion or Strong Political Beliefs While you may believe in something very strongly, beginning conversations and making small talk about your own personal convictions may abruptly end the conversation. Keep it light, dont try to convince the other person that you have the correct information about a higher being, political system, or other belief system. Use the Internet to Gain Specific Vocabulary​ This is related to doing research about other people. If you have a business gathering  or are meeting people who share a common interest (a basketball team, a tour group interested in art, etc.), take advantage of the internet to learn specific vocabulary. Almost all businesses and interest groups have glossaries on the internet explaining the most important jargon related to their business or activity. Ask Yourself About Your Culture​ Take time to make a list of common interests that are discussed when making small talk in your own culture. You can do this in your own language, but check to make sure that you have the English vocabulary to make small talk about those subjects. Find Common Interests​ Once you have a subject that interests both of you, keep to it! You can do this in a number of ways: talking about travel, talking about the school or friend you have in common, talking about the differences between your culture and the new culture (just be careful to make comparisons and not judgments, e.g., The food in our country is better than the food here in England). Listen This is very important. Dont get so worried about being able to communicate that you dont listen. Listening carefully will help you understand and encourage those speaking to you. You might be nervous, but letting others state their opinions will improve the quality of the discussion - and give you time to think of an answer! Common Small Talk Subjects Here is a list of common small talk subjects. If you have difficulties speaking about any of these topics, try to improve your vocabulary by using the resources available to you (Internet, magazines, teachers at school, etc.) Sports - current matches or games, favorite teams, etc.HobbiesWeather - boring, but can get the ball rolling!Family - general questions, not questions about private mattersMedia - films, books, magazines, etc.Holidays - where, when, etc. but NOT how much!Home town - where do you come from, how is it different/similar to this townJob - once again, general questions not too specificLatest fashion and trendsCelebrities - any gossip you may have! Here is a list of topics that probably arent very good for small talk. Of course, if you are meeting a close friend these topics may be excellent. Just remember that small talk is generally discussion with people you dont know very well. Salary - how much do you make? - Thats none of your business!Politics - wait until you get to know the person betterIntimate relationships - only for you and your partner, or maybe your best friendReligion - tolerance is the key!Death - we need to face it, but not the first time we meet someone newFinancial - related to salary above, most people prefer to keep financial information to themselvesSales - Dont try to sell something to someone you have just met.

Internet Exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet Exercise - Assignment Example ired state) and, at the same time, are health conscious and do not prefer putting on additional calories by eating meals from fast food chains(the desired state) (Kraft Foods Global, 2012). The problem, therefore, is individuals who have difficulty in arriving at ideas on what to cook (the actual state) and how as well as customers who are looking for particular tips on how to cook a particular meal (the desired state). These individuals prefer to cook themselves (to avoid the weight gain that comes from fast food products), however, they are pressed for time and therefore want easy to cook recipes. Another area of problem recognition is that this ad indirectly also focuses on customers who want to cook their family favorites, perhaps on a weekend (or Sundays), and who do not prefer going out to restaurants for the same. Problem recognition is triggered also by the fact that it is meant for those customers who are looking for quick recipes to entertain their guests for a lunch or hi- tea. Upon reading this magazine, customers hope to find remedies to their problem in the form of the recipes and tips provided in the magazine for particular meals. By clicking on this ad, customers are directed to immediate subscription via payment through a variety of online options (Kraft Foods Global, 2012). Hence, by just a few clicks, customers get access to their favorite magazine without having to go and buy it physically from a store. As far as company advertisements are concerned, I have been fascinated by the cutting edge technology that Apple offers. The ad that triggered problem recognition is that of MacBook Pro with Retina Display featured on Apple’s website (Appendix 2). In this case the problem recognition has arisen out of opportunity recognition where the desired state was enhanced due to changing circumstances in life and career. Owing to progress in academic and professional life I have been inclined to use high-tech gadgets that enable me (and customers like me)

Marketing Communication Strategy of Standard Chartered Bank Essay

Marketing Communication Strategy of Standard Chartered Bank - Essay Example The revenue of the bank is generated more than 90% from the Middle East, Africa and Asia whereas the bank is United Kingdome based. (About, Standard Chartered Bank) The primary nomination of the Standard Chartered Bank was listed in London Stock Exchange and appears in the FTSE 100 Indexes. Till the 23rd December, 2011, the market capitalization of the Standard Chartered Bank was ?33Â  billion. This capitalization was entitled to the 13th Largest Primary Listing among all the listed companies in London Stock Exchange. (FTSE All-Share Index Ranking, 2012) The secondary listing of the Standard Chartered Bank was processed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange and then National Stock Exchange (India). The major stock holder of the firm was owned by the Government of Singapore, owned Temasek Holdings. Background The Standard Chartered Bank named after the merger of two original separate banks which was working before this merger with the name of The Standard Bank, based on British South Africa an d used to be located at The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China as well. The Bank titled Standard Chartered Bank was founded in 1969 after merger of two independent banks. (History, Standard Chartered Bank) History of Standard Bank: The Standard Bank was established in Province of South Africa, Cape in 1862. It was the British bank founded by the Scotsman, John Peterson. The Standard Bank was the identical in financing on development of the Diamond Fields at Kimberley on 1867. The network from north to new town at Johannesburg was extended after the discovery of gold in 1885. (History, Standard Chartered Bank) History of Chartered Bank: The Chartered Bank was founded in 1853 by the Scotsman James Wilson by following the grant of Royal Charter through Queen Victoria. This charter was initiated the very first branch from Mumbai, Shanghai and Kolkata in 1858, subsequently, from the Hong Kong and Singapore after one year. The Chartered Bank start issuing the currency notes of H ong Kong Dollars in 1862 with launching of Suez Canal in 1869 and extended the operations towards China. (History, Standard Chartered Bank) Results of Strategies in shape of Awards Achievement The Standard Chartered Bank achieves many awards every year, which is the market recognition in every region of available market. Winning of the awards is the recognition of ideal and streamlined strategies accomplishment. The designing of the strategies was based on the prior research and development of the each region where the branches of the Standard Chartered exists. In the course of research, the management knows the market trend, requirement of the consumers as well as of the corporate and institutional sector. Furthermore, it relies on the market segmentation and providing the easily availability of the innovative financial products which covered the wide range of customers. The employees of the Standard Chartered Bank are well qualified and experts in industry and well diversified emp loyees. The proper training and development provides to each employee after detailed observation and analysis. There is most influential and diversified environment for workers who face the new challenges every day with new dynamic. The strategy planned by the management of the Standard Chartered Bank for the each origin of the focused market separately by considering the culture, religion, language and norms of the

Finding the Good Life in Symposium Essay -- Philosophy essays

Finding the  Good Life in Symposium There are many different interpretations of what the good life truly is. Individualists believe that the good life is pleasing oneself, while utilitarians believe that the good life is acting for the good of the rest of society. Philosophers, too, have their own interpretation. Plato alludes to the philosopher's good life when he uses the phrase "my greatest pleasure." The inherent subjectivity of the word "my" tells the reader that philosophical conversation may not necessarily be everyone's greatest pleasure. "After all, my greatest pleasure comes from philosophical conversation, even if I'm only a listener, whether or not I think it will be to my advantage. All other talk, especially the talk of rich businessmen like you, bores me to tears, and I'm sorry for you and your friends because you think your affairs are important when really they're totally trivial" (Symposium 173C-D). The casual observer may believe that these lines, spoken by Apollodorus, are trite, offering little more than some humor to begin Symposium. However, a well-learned reader will read between the lines and quickly realize that, embedded within the words of the passage lies a plethora of ideas that are integral to the work as a whole. The two primary ideas which stem from the preceding passage are the philosopher's view of the good life and the very different lives that philosophers lead. There are many different interpretations of what the good life truly is. Individualists believe that the good life is pleasing oneself, while utilitarians believe that the good life is acting for the good of the rest of society. Philosophers, too, have their own interpretation. Plato alludes to the philosopher's good life ... ... not only to listen to the ideas of others, but to make a judgment about those ideas after they have been heard. In offering the judgment of the philospher's good life being the best one, Plato enticed his readers to attend his academy, one goal of his book. The ultimate idea of the passage, and indeed the book as a whole, is to for one to keep an open mind to hear the opinions of others, and for one to divulge one's own opinions for the betterment of society. After these opinions have been heard, thought through, and fully realized, individuals have the capacity to make decisions for the good of themselves and those around them. When these intellectual, spiritual decisions are made correctly, human beings can begin to live the good life. Works Cited: Plato. Symposium. Trans. Alexander Nehemas & Paul Woodruff. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1989. Finding the Good Life in Symposium Essay -- Philosophy essays Finding the  Good Life in Symposium There are many different interpretations of what the good life truly is. Individualists believe that the good life is pleasing oneself, while utilitarians believe that the good life is acting for the good of the rest of society. Philosophers, too, have their own interpretation. Plato alludes to the philosopher's good life when he uses the phrase "my greatest pleasure." The inherent subjectivity of the word "my" tells the reader that philosophical conversation may not necessarily be everyone's greatest pleasure. "After all, my greatest pleasure comes from philosophical conversation, even if I'm only a listener, whether or not I think it will be to my advantage. All other talk, especially the talk of rich businessmen like you, bores me to tears, and I'm sorry for you and your friends because you think your affairs are important when really they're totally trivial" (Symposium 173C-D). The casual observer may believe that these lines, spoken by Apollodorus, are trite, offering little more than some humor to begin Symposium. However, a well-learned reader will read between the lines and quickly realize that, embedded within the words of the passage lies a plethora of ideas that are integral to the work as a whole. The two primary ideas which stem from the preceding passage are the philosopher's view of the good life and the very different lives that philosophers lead. There are many different interpretations of what the good life truly is. Individualists believe that the good life is pleasing oneself, while utilitarians believe that the good life is acting for the good of the rest of society. Philosophers, too, have their own interpretation. Plato alludes to the philosopher's good life ... ... not only to listen to the ideas of others, but to make a judgment about those ideas after they have been heard. In offering the judgment of the philospher's good life being the best one, Plato enticed his readers to attend his academy, one goal of his book. The ultimate idea of the passage, and indeed the book as a whole, is to for one to keep an open mind to hear the opinions of others, and for one to divulge one's own opinions for the betterment of society. After these opinions have been heard, thought through, and fully realized, individuals have the capacity to make decisions for the good of themselves and those around them. When these intellectual, spiritual decisions are made correctly, human beings can begin to live the good life. Works Cited: Plato. Symposium. Trans. Alexander Nehemas & Paul Woodruff. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1989.

How effectively does Stephenson create a sense of mystery and intrigue Essay

When Robert Louis Stevenson wrote the novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at the time Victorian London was a terrible place to live in, for instance, London was riddled full of prostitution. Most of London was dilapidated because there was no sanitation system so London had a terrible stench to it. It was smoggy because of the factories and there was a great deal of of child cruelty. Children as young as five would have to work in appalling conditions just in order to eat. There was crime because back then the police were unreliable, drunk and they weren’t introduced until 1829, and there were major unsolved crimes like Jack the Ripper, but on the positive side etiquette was seen as important. We can see in this by the way Dr Utterson behaves, but unfortunately the lower class as you will discover later on in the novella tend to take etiquette less to account There is significant reference to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution which in those days meant that people believed that there were two halves to the human character , the noble side and the criminal or animal side, the noble side being Dr Jekyll and the animal and criminal side being Mr. Hyde. Stevenson helps make this apparent by his description of Hyde making him look repulsive, ugly and having a terrible temper and an animal like behaviour. The Victorians had a belief that once you’re a criminal you stay a criminal because the criminals were naturally bad. We can see this by the way In which everyone who sees him describes him as â€Å"†Particularly small and particularly wicked-looking, is what the maid calls him,† said the officer.† The fact that this sort of reaction is natural to everyone who sees Mr Hyde implies to us that firstly Stevenson believed in the ‘criminal class’ theory, Mr Hyde is living proof of this. The atmosphere throughout the majority of the book is eerie and mysterious because of the darkness of the area and how slummy it is, with all of the dilapidation and crime rife. This also helps to give out a sense of mystery and intrigue at the same time. † Two doors from one corner, on the left hand going east the line was broken by the entry of a court; and just at that point a certain sinister block of building thrust forward its gable on the street.† This quotation here also gives out a sense of imminent danger the word sinister shows this to us because it gives out a negative impression of the house and the area around the house You may have also noticed as you read through the whole book that if you read through it carefully enough you would discover several links to the first chapter for instance the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the attack on the little girl. Both of these clues are linked due to the fact that they were both unprovoked and also because they are both examples of the fierce aggresion Mr Hyde displays all throughout the book. â€Å"Well, sir, the two ran into one another naturally enough at the corner; and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming on the ground† This is also shows yet another reference to Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species again, with Mr Hyde this time round, displaying his criminal side. This quotation shows Mr. Hyde’s potential for extreme violence and even potential murder Other people display their † animal side† to them during the book when The girl’s family and the girl’s doctor had â€Å"I knew what was in his mind, just as he knew what was in mine; and killing being out of the question,† this also shows how everyone has an â€Å"animal side† within themselves. Another recurring clue that appears and re- appears in this book is the theme of the key. For instance, the key and references to the key have been written throughout the book. â€Å"Mr. Utterson again walked some way in silence and obviously under a weight of consideration.†You are sure he used a key?† he inquired at last.† If you were to go through the book at any point you would discover how important this key was. And the fact that Mr Utterson is asking a question â€Å"Are you sure he used a key?† also raises the mystery surrounding the key, because his doubt makes you wonder about why he has his doubts about the key Furthermore is the matter of the Door which seems to be a complete mystery and just as the key is, it is mentioned several times throughout the book, this has a significance because firstly the door serves as a main clue you â€Å"Black Mail House is what I call the place with the door, â€Å" The name given to the place with the door, ( Blackmail house) helps bring in intrigue to the door and the secret behind it because of the negative association with the door, thus increasing our intrigue in this constantly mentioned door and the secret that lies behind it. The word â€Å"Blackmail† also suggests that there is surreptitious activity going on in that house. The other strange clue that is hinted at earlier on in chapter I is the whole matter of the cheque book’s signature which Utterson remarks upon. â€Å"drawn payable to bearer and signed with a name that I can’t mention, though it’s one of the points of my story, but it was a name at least very well known and often printed. â€Å" the handwriting of the signature has a significant link to a main character in the later chapters of the book and serves as a huge clue during the book, this also creates a feel of curiosity because by his teasing the information to you it hieghtens the feel of tension and intrigue. Furthermore there are plenty of comparisons to Mr Hyde and the devil which are used almost as frequently as Robert Louis Stevenson uses Mr Hyde and the animal like comparisons. † I could see that–but carrying it off, sir, really like Satan† This quotation highlights again Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, which also show’s how terrible a person Mr Hyde can possibly be. This is also significant because here we can see Mr. Hyde being personified as the devil Another important clue that Robert Stevenson introduces to us is Mr Hyde’s cheque and his unbelievable wealth, which is linked on to another part of the story where the mysterious will is brought along, as well as the handwriting of Mr Hyde where Mr Utterson takes the cheque as a comparison † I took the liberty of pointing out to my gentleman that the whole business looked apocryphal, and that a man does not, in real life, walk into a cellar door at four in the morning and come out with another man’s cheque for close upon a hundred pounds.† We can see from this that Mr Hyde is rich enough to throw money around and this also shows his shiftiness because of the way he had jus walked into his house and had then started to throw money all around the place in order to make himself look better. Stevenson uses the setting of the house and the house’s area already gives us a negative impression of the house, and also implies that the house is empty and neglected even though in reality it is quite opposite to our impression. â€Å"Discoloured wall on the upper; and bore in every in every feature the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence.† This quotation tells us how the house is in bad disrepair, and how it is almost rotting away due to the â€Å"negligence† Another example of this negligence which has just proceeded away is shown again later on in chapter I page 11, we can see this by his description of his house â€Å"For close on a generation no one had appeared to drive away these random visitors or to repair their ravages.† This links to a quotation which I had made earlier on during the essay about Mr. Utterson which adds to the mystery because it makes you wonder about how someone can have a key to a house that has been in disrepair for years and then have the ability to pay out 100 pounds, because of these illogical clues the reader will then be drawn into the book more in order to figure out these clues. In conclusion we can tell the Dr Louis Stephenson had effectively used the clues during the first chapter of this book because firstly there is a large amount of references to later clues scattered throughout the book, secondly most of the links to the clues we can see here are not vague and the links between them are strong and solid. We can also see from this that Stephenson had created an immense sense of intrigue because of firstly the setting he chose, which was the dark, late night when all the criminals are roaming. Also he had increased the sense of intrigue by having the main character have an illogical sudden fear of the streets. He also uses the typical setting of a crime scene, which is dark, early morning when few people which people see as dangerous, by doing this Stevenson had therefore managed to draw in more people into his novella.

Co-morbidity in Substance use and Psychosis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7236 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? What do the following have in common: alcoholism, obesity, smoking, drug abuse and compulsive gambling? Until recently, there were thought of as relatively independent and separate problem areas. Psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals have previously specialised in the treatment of one of these behaviours, but few had attempted to extend their therapy and research efforts to cover more than one or two of these disorders. As well as their expertise, specialists in these areas have not worked in concert with one another, or communicated with each other about treatment and research issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Co-morbidity in Substance use and Psychosis" essay for you Create order However, several changes have been induced in recent times with the concept of addictive behaviours, and this has led to possible commonalities among these seemingly diverse problems. There is also the increased awareness that workers in each of these areas have much to learn from one another, and that there may be significant and instructive similarities in aetiology, process and treatment. The interesting similarity among the above mentioned problems has collectively come to be known as additive behaviours. According to Miller (1980) addictive behaviours involve some form of indulgence for short-term pleasure of satisfaction at the expense of longer-term adverse effects. The various substance abuse disorders all involve significant health risks as various chronic diseases. There are enormous social costs of addictive behaviours, both in personal expenditures as non-essentials and costs to the public as health care, crime control etc. The following essay aims to critically review DSM-IV guidelines for diagnosing co morbid substance use disorders (SUDs), the factors that undermine definitive diagnosis of co morbid disorders, and the potential diagnostic changes that could address these issues. In particular this essay shall examine alcoholism which is one form of substance abuse. Attempts shall also be made to investigate the types of research that would act as a support for the criteria and guidelines for diagnosing SUDs and psychosis. Substance use disorder is caused due to psychoactive drug use and may be referred to as a condition arising from the abuse of alcohol and psychoactive drugs. Alcohol and other substances can have varied physiological and psychological effects. Although the effects of alcohol and drug consumption may appear as desirable, prolonged and heavy usage may result in physical harm, dependency and withdrawal problems and long term psychological damage or social harm. For the diagnosis of patients with co morbid psychotic symptoms a nd substance use disorders (SUDs) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV), makes clear distinctions between independent psychotic disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and substance-induced syndromes (delirium, dementia etc.). Most substance-induced psychotic symptoms are considered to be short lived and that it subsides with sustained abstinence along with other symptoms of substance intoxication and withdrawal. One of the most frequent situations in psychiatric diagnosis are challenges posed by patients who experience the onset of psychotic symptoms during episodes of current or recent psychoactive substance use (Rosenthal Miner, 1997). All major categories of non-organic psychotic disorders in DSM-IV have an exclusion criterion for symptoms that are not caused due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. For patients with SUDs, psychotic disorders can be diagnosed as either independent or having one of the many substance-ind uced mental disorders. Psychosis forms a feature of this categorisation. When changes occur relating to the pharmacological effects of different categories of substances, the symptoms include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" acute intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations etc (caused due to the use of substances such as, alcohol, stimulants etc.). The only exception is for alcohol-induced pathological dementia. All other substance-induced psychotic mental disorders are considered as time limited (Rounsaville, 2007). Alcohol dependence syndrome according to DSM-IV (APA,1994), is characterised by the presence of three or more of the following symptoms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a strong compulsion to drink; difficulty in controlling either the onset or termination of drinking or the levels of alcohol use; a physiological withdrawal state on the stopping of alcohol consumption or the use of alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms; increasing toler ance to alcohol (i.e. the need to consume larger quantities of alcohol to achieve a similar effect as produced originally from smaller amounts); digressive neglect of other interests; and persisting use of alcohol despite awareness of the harmful effects from consumption. Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis with hallucinations occurring as the predominating feature in many alcohol-related conditions. These include but are not limited to acute intoxication; withdrawal, after a major decrease in alcohol consumption, and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication. According to Larson (2008), alcohol is a neurotoxin that affects the brain in a complex manner through prolonged exposure and repeated withdrawal. This results in significant morbidity and mortality. Larson further argues that, alcohol-related psychosis is often an indication of chronic alcoholism. As such, it is associated with medical, neurological, and psychosocial complications. The discontinuation of alcohol ra pidly clears alcohol-related psychosis but may continue on later alcohol related exposure. Although distinguishing alcohol-related psychosis from schizophrenia through clinical presentation often is difficult, the general consensus is that alcohol-related psychosis suspends with abstinence, unlike schizophrenia. Larson (2008) has also noted that, alcohol-related psychosis lacks the in-depth research needed to understand its pathophysiology, demographics, characteristics, and treatment when compared to alcoholism. According to Rassool (2006) psychoactive drugs are substances which have an effect on the central nervous, as they alter mood, cognitive processes and behaviour. Rassool (2006), states that, the uses of psychoactive drugs are considered illegitimate depending on the social customs and laws of different cultures and societies. In most societies, no adjustments are made in the interest of the use and misuse of tranquilisers, heroine, volatile substances, and stimulants suc h as amphetamines and cocaine. Legal drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine are used as a social lubricant and as self-medication, as a means to relieve tensions and anxieties of everyday life. They are also used as a mechanism to ease social intercourse. He further agues that, although there is an increased risk of morbidity and morality, alcohol is actively encouraged and socially reinforced in some societies. There have also been observations that consumption levels are on the rise in most countries and hence, statistics have been obtained for the UK to demonstrate this fact below. According to the NHS Information Centre (2009), an estimated 863,000 alcohol related admission in hospital in 2007/08. This is an increase of 69% since 2002/03 when the alcohol related admission was at 510,200. The statistics bulletin further states that, in England in 2007, the number of individuals who were on prescription items for the treatment of alcohol dependency were 134,429. These wer e prescriptions that were dispensed in primary care settings or NHS hospitals and those dispensed in the community. This shows a marked difference since 2003 when there were 102,741 prescription items (an increase by 31%). Further findings from the bulletin indicate that, there were 6,541 deaths in England in 2007, and these were directly related to alcohol (an increase by 19% since 2001). Of these alcohol related deaths, majority of the individuals died from alcoholic liver disease (estimate of 4,249). Alcohol misuse related harm is estimated to cost the NHS in England approx.  £2.7 billion in 2006/07. As an attempt to ensure a moderately even account of the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK, the Audit Scotland report has been reviewed and provides further evidence of Scotlands growing problem with drug and alcohol misuse. The Audit Scotland (2009) report presents that Scotland has a higher level of drug and alcohol misuse compared to the rest of the UK. According to the report, the levels of alcohol dependency are three times higher than that of England. The report states that estimating the size of Scotlands alcohol problem is not accurate due to lack of national data and under-reporting of consumption. Based from findings from the Office of National Statistics (2002), an estimated 4.9% of the population in Scotland aged 16 and over are dependant of alcohol. The higher prevalence of alcohol dependency is Scotland has been argued to be found due to high rates of alcohol dependency in Scottish women. There were 42,430 discharges from acute general hospitals with an alcohol-related diagnosis in 2007/08. When compared to statistics from the past five years, there has been an increase by 5% in discharge rates (Alcohol Statistics Scotland, 2008). In Scotland, 11% of all accident and emergency attendances are considered to be as a result of alcohol. The busiest time of alcohol-related attendances are recorded as Friday night of Saturday morning rangi ng between midnight and four in the morning (NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2006). Scotland has the highest alcohol-related death rate in the UK with 1,399 alcohol-related deaths in 2007. This is a 75% increase over ten years and over 100% increase over fifteen years (General Register Office for Scotland, 2009). A report from Strathclyde Police in 2007 showed that between April 2006 and March 2007, two-thirds of those in custody at three Glasgow police stations were for violent offending under the influence of alcohol. The reasons for highlighting the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK as well detailed statistics from Scotland is not just to emphasise the ever growing alcohol and drug consumption in the country, but also to understand the common co-occurring psychiatric disorders related with the misuse of these substances. The recent recognition of this co morbidity can be attributed to a number of reasons. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), state that, the development of drug abuse s ervices was separate from that of the development of general psychiatric services, with little interference between them. Furthermore, the move from hospitals to community care of individuals with severe mental disorders has exposed these individuals to the risk of developing alcohol and drug problems, thereby merely heightening their psychopathology and disability. There is also the high risk of self-harm not just to individuals who are within general psychiatric services, but also those with severe personality disorders within addiction services. A number of etiological models for co morbidity have been introduced in research. These include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" common factor models, secondary substance misuse models, and secondary psychiatric illness models (Mueser, Bellack Blanchard, 1998). According to Mueser et al (1998), the common factors models include common genetic factors and antisocial personality disorder. However, Abou-Saleh Janac (2004) argue that studies have not supported the existence of a common genetic factor in the causation of substance misuse and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, the presence of antisocial personality disorder was shown to be a common factor in substance misuse. They further go on to argue that, patients with sever mental illness and antisocial personality disorder are morel likely to have substance misuse than those with no antisocial personality disorder. Adversity in childhood can seem omnipresent in patients with alcohol misuse who are co morbid with psychiatric conditions. A study conducted by Langeland, Dralijer Van der Brink (2004), found that childhood detrimental influences such as early loss of a parent, witnessing domestic violence and parental alcoholism, exemplified as variations in types of co morbid psychiatric disorders in men with alcohol dependence. A further study by Mueser et al (2000), in a cohort study involving 325 patients with co morbid psychiatric disorder and substance misuse disting uished the predictors of co morbidity as male, young age, lacking education, involved in criminal activity, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Secondary substance misuse models include those of self-medication, alleviation of depression, and super sensitivity. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), further state that the self-medication model depict psychiatric patients as using specific substances to alleviate specific symptoms. However, this argument has not been supported and psychiatric patients who use alcohol or drugs have worse outcomes. As depression can be associated with a general proneness to addiction and not the use of a specific substance, the alleviation of depression model is more acceptable. According to the super sensitivity model, patients with severe mental illnesses react in a highly sensitive manner to low doses of alcohol and drugs, in particular amphetamines leading to a hasty relapse in the individuals illness. The secondary psychiatric illness mo del alcohol and drug use disorders are viewed as causing the co morbid mental disorder (Abou-Saleh Janac, 2004). An interesting note about the above stated models is that, causality is one-directional. In clinical practice, substance abuse may form both a cause and a consequence of another mental disorder. A mental disorder at the same time may be both a cause and a consequence of substance abuse, thereby creating a vicious circle. In individual cases, multiple pathways of association between substance abuse and other mental disorders may act simultaneously in both directions. A review of certain factors (bio physiological and genetic, socio cultural and psychodynamic) as well as a detailed review of other models (social learning and behavioural) which all put together helps formulate what is known and thought about why human beings come to abuse themselves by abusing alcohol. When split apart, each model explains a part of every abusers problem, together they provide a comprehe nsive etiological perspective. According to Miller (1980), one of the most obstinate theories of the bio physiological model of alcoholism is that alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in the rate at which they metabolise alcohol. Identifying such a difference would suggest that the etiological factor resides in the rate-limiting mechanisms involved in the metabolism of ethanol. However, no metabolic studies of alcoholism indicate the existence of such a rate difference (given that the alcohol consumption is kept constant) (Mello Mendelson, 1978). Charles Lieber, claims that alcoholics have two metabolic routes by which they break down alcohol while non-alcoholics have one (Korsten Lieber, 1979). According to this theory, alcoholics metabolise alcohol differently from non-alcoholics and thus gain the capacity to consume larger amounts of alcohol for longer periods of time than non-alcoholics. Even if such proof were available, there still lie the important roles of environmental, b ehavioural and socio-cultural factors in alcoholism. Numerous studies have been carried out, suggesting that alcoholism runs in families (Goodwin, 1979). Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in the development of alcoholism has been derived from twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, observations of ethnic differences, and studies of biological risk factors (Goodwin 1979, 1985). Studies of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins generally suggest that there is some degree of heritability in the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed (Schuckit 1987). Monozygotic twin pairs also tend to show a significantly higher level of concordance compared with dizygotic twin pairs (Schuckit 1987; Agarwal and Goedde 1990). Family studies indicate that approximately 40% of alcoholics have an alcoholic parent (Institute of Medicine 1987), and that the alcoholism rate is significantly higher in relatives of alcoholics than in relatives of non alcoholics (Cotton, 1979; Guze et al, 1986). Alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism tend to begin drinking earlier in life. They also tend to have more alcohol-related problems than those alcoholics without a family history of alcoholism (Cloninger et al. 1981). These data, taken together, suggest that there may well be a genetic component to alcoholism, though its extent and influence of inheritance is not a simple one, as both genetic and environmental factors may be involved (McNeece DiNitto, 2005). The pharmacology and physiology of physical dependence and tolerance to the drugs of abuse continue to be explored, but this model alone cannot adequately define alcoholism. As mentioned earlier, cultural patterns have a profound impact on drinking and rates of alcoholism. Miller (1980), states that although cultural influences can predispose a person to alcoholism, social variables play a major role in translating that predisposition to actual addiction. He further states that cult ural influences can operate to maintain alcoholic drinking. For e.g. peer pressure, has a powerful influence on the development of deviant drinking among adolescents (Jessor Jessor, 1975). Social historians have argued that the pervasiveness of social setting-related influences on persons to drink heavily (Zinberg Fraser, 1979). Psychoanalysts explain alcoholism in several ways. Alcoholism is seen by some psychoanalysts as fundamentally suicidal, trying to destroy bad, depriving mothers with whom the person has identified with. Others claim that alcoholics are defining themselves against underlying depression by drinking to oblivion (Williams, 1976). Critics of the psychoanalytic approach to alcoholism, argue that there is no empirical data to support these hypotheses. They also argue that psychoanalysis does not help alcoholics who seek treatment (Schuckit Haglund, 1977). Dynamic theories of drug addiction, describe the addict as a person whose habit represents a return to th e oral stage of psychosexual development. As such, dependency needs being paramount, the addict is frustrated with their inability to derive satisfaction of these needs. Inability to meet their oral dependency needs in more appropriate ways, leads the addicts to use drugs or alcohol to obtain gratification. Although the complex psychoanalytic theory has been simplified to a great extent, it has relatively little impact on the prevailing views of aetiology and treatment. The cognitive behavioural approach views any type of psychopathology as a maladaptive learning process. As such, the central goal of cognitive behavioural approaches is to design techniques through which maladaptive responses can be disentangled and replaced with adaptive responses. The first behavioural explanation for alcoholism was that of tension-reduction. Tension-reduction is based on the hypothesis that, alcohol appears to reduce anxiety. Hence, alcohol is presumed to reinforce drinking by alcoholics. Empir ical support for the theory came from earlier studies of experimentally-induced conflict in animals (Conger, 1951, 1956; Masserman Yum, 1946). However, tension reduction has not received universal support (Cappell Herman, 1972; Brown Crowell, 1974). The behavioural effects of alcohol involve a complex interaction of factors. The expectations an individual holds about alcohol effects their behaviour (Pliner Cappell, 1974). Expectancies themselves are complex because it is based on belief systems, prior drinking experiences, the immediate social and physical setting of drinking, dosage levels etc. Such complexity suggests that the potential reinforcing capabilities of alcohol remain uncertain. The social learning model views alcohol and drug abuse as socially acquired, learned behaviour patters that are maintained by numerous anticipatory causes (classical conditioning) and consequent reinforces (operant conditioning). The causes and reinforces may be of a psychological, sociol ogical or physiological nature (Miller Eisler, 1975). The relationship between SUDs and psychiatric disorders pose commonplace diagnostic challenges for both clinicians in treatment settings and researchers in community settings. This is because both SUDs and psychiatric disorders are intermeshed with resemblance of intoxication and withdrawal effects to the symptoms of psychiatric disorders in most patients who come for treatment. Research findings suggests that there are high rates of SUDs amongst individuals with schizophrenia (Regier et al 1990), and even higher rates were reported among samples with first episode psychosis (FEP) (Sevy et al, 2001; Kavanagh et al, 2004; Wade et al, 2004). Addressing co morbidity is clinically relevant because SUD in schizophrenic patients is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (Swofford et al, 1996) and contributes significantly to their morbidity and morality (Rosen et la, 2008). The reasons for high co morbidity between SUD and schiz ophrenia although poorly understood, are considered to be an involvement of brain pathways and is likely to be a shared feature in co morbidity that is common to all drugs of abuse (Volkow et al, 2007). The co morbidity of SUD and schizophrenia could also be a direct consequence of the underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia. This may contribute to enhanced addiction vulnerability in individuals by disrupting the neural substrates that mediate positive reinforcement (Chambers, Krystal Self, 2001). The challenge has been to design measures to differentiate three conditions. Firstly, differentiating between expected intoxication and withdrawal symptoms; secondly, being able to distinguish between psychiatric disorders occurring during periods of active substance use. The third measure includes being able to differentiate between psychiatric disorders that are clearly independent from substance use. Prior to the publication of DSM-Iv, there existed no specific criteria for makin g these differentiations in substance abusers. This gave rise to a number of reliability and validity problems, including low levels of agreement between study groups, even when the same measures were used (Hasin, Samet, Nunes, Meydan, Matseoane Waxman, 2006). Eventually, DSM-IV clarified the guidelines to a considerable extent for differentiating independent and substance-induced disorders. According to DSM-IV, if a psychiatric episode occurs when substance use is insufficient to produce persistent intoxication or withdrawal, it would be diagnosed as primary (independent). Subsequently, substance-induced psychiatric disorders are defined as those that occur during periods of heavy substance use (or remitting shortly thereafter) and that have symptoms that exceed the expected effects of intoxication or withdrawal listed in DSM-IV. Hasin et al (2006), also argue that no study has yet addressed the reliability of the DSM-IV system of differentiating between intoxication/withdrawal sy mptoms. Disorders whose symptoms exceed intoxication/withdrawal effects and psychiatric disorders that is temporally independent from periods of substance use. In order to create a diagnostic instrument that was reliable and valid for assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers, the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was developed (Hasin, Trautman, Miele, Samet, Smith Endicott, 1996). The pre-DSM-IV PRISM included standardised guidelines and probes to differentiate between organic and non organic syndromes and was administered by experienced clinical interviewers. Hasin et al (1996) conducted a study involving 172 dual-diagnosis or substance abuse patients. The result showed good to excellent reliability for many diagnoses, including SUDs, primary affective disorders, eating disorders, some anxiety disorders, and psychotic symptoms. The need to incorporate the new DSM-IV criteria (including the criteria for substance-induced disorders), to shorten and simplify the interview, and to add assessment of specific psychotic disorders led to the development of the PRISM-IV (Hasin et al, 2006). The PRISM-IV is a semi structured interview. The covers the diagnosis for current and lifetime time frames. These include abuse and dependence (by substance), major depressive disorder, mania, schizophrenia, mood disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, personality disorders etc. The most fascinating feature of the PRISM-IV is that, diagnostic modules can be selected to suit specific research needs. Apart from this, substance use disorders that are unimportant to the research question can be omitted as well. Other than PRISM-IV and DSM-IV, there are various other assessment tools that can be used for the assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. One such tool is the International Classification of Diseases Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). ICD-10 provides specific c riteria to differentiate between primary disorders and disorders resulting from psychoactive substance use, but only for psychotic disorders. ICD-10 excludes psychotic episodes attributed to psychoactive substance use from a primary classification similar to DSM-IV. Unlike DSM-IV, ICS-10 does not provide a separate psychoactive substance-related category for any other type of psychiatric disorder. In ICS-10, organic mental disorders exclude alcohol or other psychoactive substance-related disorders. Furthermore, organic mood disorders and organic delusional disorders cannot be used to diagnose episodes co-occurring with heavy psychoactive substance use (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). Different interviews for psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria are available for clinical and research studies. These include Structured Clinical Interviews for Axis I disorders (SCID-I) for DSM-IV (First et al, 1997). There exists the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neur opsychiatry (SCAN) (Janca et al, 1994) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (WHO, 1998). The SCID-IV is a semi-structured interview that allows diagnosis of primary or substance-induced disorders. However, it does not provide any specific guidelines other than those stated in the criteria. The differentiation of primary and substance induced disorders is made on a syndrome level in SCID-IV (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). A range of clinical phenomena can be assessed by SCAN. A core instrument of the SCAN is the Present State Examination (PSE-10). PSE ratings are coded on score sheets and based on these ratings, a computer program generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. The PSE is a semi-structured clinical examination. The interviewer uses clinical judgment to attribute specified definitions to clinical phenomena using the SCAN Glossary. The glossary consists of a list of definitions of clinical symptoms and experiences (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 20 06). Finally, the CIDI is a fully structured interview design. The interviewers read the questions as written without interpretation (Robins et al, 1988). CIDI relies heavily on the subjects opinion for primary substance-induced differentiation. The CIDI generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. Symptoms attributed to alcohol, drugs, or physical illnesses are eliminated for consideration when making psychiatric diagnoses in CIDI. The method of evaluation used in CIDI is very varied in comparison to SCID-IV, SCAN or PRISM-IV. Torrens et al (2006) argues that, currently, most DSM-IV psychiatric disorders can be assessed in substance-abusing subjects with acceptable to excellent reliability and validity by specifically using the PRISM assessment tool. Having reviewed the statistics, aetiology and assessment of co morbidity in alcohol abuse, the next section is going to analyse the different treatment approaches. One of the biggest problems in the treatment of SUDs is preventing a re lapse after abstinence or controlled substance use has been achieved. Whilst there is no general theory of relapse, Marlatt Gordons approach to treatment is based principles of social learning theory, and draws heavily on the concepts of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). The approach emphasises on the methods to enhance confidence in individuals to enable them to perform activities leading to an effective outcome. According to self-efficacy theory, individuals who possess a high self-efficacy on their ability to perform a particular task are more likely to initiate and maintain that behaviour (Wilson, 1996). Wilson (1996) argues that the self-efficacy theory has been criticised on a number of conceptual grounds including difficulty in distinguishing between response-outcome expectancies and performance self-efficacy (Lee, 1989). The Stages of change model by Prochaska DiClemente (1983), suggest four stages in the process of change. These include: pre-contemplation (not thinking ab out cessation); contemplation; action (attempting to engage in cessation); and maintenance (stopped using drug, and attempting to remain abstinent). Wilson (1996) argues that, although this model cannot be considered to be a general theory of relapse, there are opportunities different types of interventions for different individuals. He further argues that theory helps make specific and testable predictions about the matching of individuals for treatments. Other than the theoretical explanations for prevention of replace in individuals with alcohol abuse, there also exists medical treatment and social treatment approaches. Detoxification is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to offset the withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification treats only the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. There is a high chance of relapse without further treatment. Various forms of group therapy or p sychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as providing relapse prevention skills. Miller (1980) states that when problem drinkers are treated, approximately one-third become abstinent and an additional one-third show substantial improvement without abstinence. He has based his findings from short-term studies; however, data from long-term studies suggest that on average only 26% of those treated remain abstinent or improved after one year. A few other treatment strategies for alcohol addiction include aversion therapies, family therapies, controlled drinking therapies etc. To conclude, while progress is apparent in the study of substance abuse; more research is needed on the commonalities and differences among the addictions. Numerous theories have been developed to help explain the causes of addiction, but it is important not to lose sight of essential differences among substances and their effects. In dividuals with recurrent or severe and enduring mental illness and co morbidity with substance-misuse have complex needs. This requires the continuing care of specialist mental health services and substance-misuse services. It has been reported that around 30% of those seeking help for mental health problems have current substance misuse problems, and of individuals seeking help for substance misuse, more than half have had a mental disorder in the previous six months (Department of Health, 1998). According to Appleby (1999), individuals with substance-misuse and psychiatric disorders find it hard to engage with appropriate services. He further states that suicide is a high risk factor amongst this group. The different assessment tools that have been devised by DSM-IV for the diagnosis of co morbidity in SUDs, whether in primary or specialist care should consider how to access appropriate specialist input. Recent studies have examined the relationships between alcohol dependence and psychiatric illness as having a combination of contributors. 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